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大型鍛件煉鋼過程中的缺陷

文章來源:sjzwx 更新時間(jian):2014-11-28 10:43:16

    煉(lian)(lian)鋼過程產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)主要缺(que)陷(xian)是(shi)(shi)夾雜(za)及氣孔、偏(pian)析等(deng)(deng)。近些年我公司很(hen)多鍛件(jian)在探傷時發現(xian)超標缺(que)陷(xian),還(huan)有(you)在精加工時表面(mian)出現(xian)夾雜(za)等(deng)(deng)現(xian)象。一(yi)般(ban)這(zhe)些缺(que)陷(xian)都是(shi)(shi)煉(lian)(lian)鋼過程中產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)完全去除掉的(de)夾雜(za)。通常(chang),大型鍛件(jian)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工序是(shi)(shi)把鋼水澆注(zhu)成(cheng)鋼錠(ding)(ding)或冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)電(dian)渣錠(ding)(ding),將其用(yong)壓力機等(deng)(deng)設(she)備(bei)鍛造(zao)成(cheng)形(xing)后,經熱處理獲得所(suo)需(xu)的(de)內部組織及機械性能(neng)。雖然鍛件(jian)的(de)質(zhi)量與煉(lian)(lian)鋼、鑄錠(ding)(ding)、熱處理等(deng)(deng)工序均有(you)關,但其中鋼錠(ding)(ding)的(de)質(zhi)量尤為(wei)重要,為(wei)此,除采用(yong)電(dian)爐(lu)和轉爐(lu)的(de)通常(chang)煉(lian)(lian)鋼法外,還(huan)要根據不同的(de)技術要求,采用(yong)爐(lu)外精煉(lian)(lian)、各種(zhong)真(zhen)空(kong)、無(wu)氧化(hua)澆注(zhu)或者(zhe)電(dian)渣重熔等(deng)(deng)各種(zhong)特殊精煉(lian)(lian)及鑄錠(ding)(ding)法,但還(huan)是(shi)(shi)難以避免(mian)鋼錠(ding)(ding)中的(de)偏(pian)析現(xian)象及脫氧物的(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)。

    鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)非(fei)金(jin)屬夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜物(wu)系,大(da)型(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)類:一、煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜及(ji)(ji)氣(qi)孔、偏(pian)(pian)析(xi)等(deng)(deng)。近些年我公司很(hen)多(duo)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)在探傷時發現超標缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),還有(you)在精加工(gong)(gong)時表(biao)面(mian)出現夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜等(deng)(deng)現象。一般這些缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)都(dou)是(shi)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中產(chan)生(sheng)或(huo)者是(shi)沒有(you)完(wan)全去除掉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜。通常(chang)(chang)(chang),大(da)型(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)序是(shi)把鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)水(shui)澆注(zhu)成(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)冶煉(lian)(lian)(lian)電(dian)渣錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),將其用(yong)壓力機(ji)等(deng)(deng)設備(bei)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)造(zao)成(cheng)形后,經(jing)熱(re)處(chu)理(li)獲得所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部組織及(ji)(ji)機(ji)械(xie)性能。雖然(ran)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量與煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)、鑄錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、熱(re)處(chu)理(li)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)序均有(you)關,但(dan)其中鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量尤為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)(yao),為(wei)(wei)此(ci),除采用(yong)電(dian)爐(lu)和(he)轉(zhuan)爐(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通常(chang)(chang)(chang)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)法(fa)外,還要(yao)(yao)根據不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術要(yao)(yao)求,采用(yong)爐(lu)外精煉(lian)(lian)(lian)、各(ge)種真(zhen)空(kong)、無(wu)氧化(hua)(hua)澆注(zhu)或(huo)者電(dian)渣重熔(rong)(rong)等(deng)(deng)各(ge)種特殊精煉(lian)(lian)(lian)及(ji)(ji)鑄錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa),但(dan)還是(shi)難(nan)以(yi)避免(mian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)(pian)析(xi)現象及(ji)(ji)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氧物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)非(fei)金(jin)屬夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜物(wu)系,生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)、硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)等(deng)(deng)非(fei)金(jin)屬夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜物(wu)粘連偏(pian)(pian)聚,殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)(ji)耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)熔(rong)(rong)融混入(ru),稱為(wei)(wei)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)渣。另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian),所(suo)謂夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)砂是(shi)澆注(zhu)時渣子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混入(ru)或(huo)耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)混入(ru)所(suo)致,顆粒比夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)渣要(yao)(yao)大(da)。其它(ta)方(fang)面(mian),有(you)異金(jin)屬夾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)雜、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)縱裂紋(wen)、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)橫裂紋(wen)、掛裂及(ji)(ji)重皮等(deng)(deng)。此(ci)外,還有(you)氣(qi)孔(氣(qi)孔主(zhu)是(shi)是(shi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)水(shui)中除氣(qi)、脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氧不充分所(suo)致,但(dan)是(shi)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)模內表(biao)面(mian)清理(li)不良,或(huo)者錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)模耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不充分干燥等(deng)(deng)也是(shi)其成(cheng)因(yin))、鬼(gui)線、偏(pian)(pian)析(xi)裂紋(wen)、縮孔、疏松等(deng)(deng)。這類缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)比較復雜,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)鑄錠(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)一個復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng),而(er)其中任何一個小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環節(jie)如(ru)保溫帽(mao)補縮不充分、耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)等(deng)(deng)都(dou)可(ke)能引起(qi)(qi)以(yi)上缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。預防煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)從(cong)以(yi)下幾(ji)方(fang)面(mian)入(ru)手:(1)嚴格把好原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)關,不合格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)絕對不予(yu)驗收使用(yong);(2)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)嚴格執行工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、嚴格按操(cao)作規程(cheng)操(cao)作煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng);(3)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)檢查煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)設備(bei),保證煉(lian)(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)設備(bei)完(wan)好。

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